Immune checkpoint proteins

Immune checkpoint proteins

lmmune checkpoint proteins are key regulators of immune response against threats while preserving self-tolerance. The classic immune checkpoint consists of co-inhibitory receptors (CTLA-4, PD-1, TIGIT, LAG-3), which inhibit T-cell function and co-stimulatory receptors (GITR, 4-1BB, OX40, CD40) which stimulate T cell activation.
Research on the co-inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4) and PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) showed significantly improved survival rates of patients with metastatic solid tumors after inhibition of these receptor pathways. Therefore, antibody drugs against immune checkpoints for cancer, tumors and other diseases therapeutics is a key mode in cancer therapy.

Co-inhibitory-receptors

Co-stimulatory receptors